{"id":15650,"date":"2017-03-31T00:26:26","date_gmt":"2017-03-31T00:26:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/?page_id=15650"},"modified":"2019-09-20T11:10:47","modified_gmt":"2019-09-20T02:10:47","slug":"marine-lakes-research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/research\/marine-lakes\/marine-lakes-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Marine Lakes Research"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”center” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1491340572097{padding-top: 50px !important;background-color: #e2d62d !important;}”][vc_column][vc_widget_sidebar sidebar_id=”Marine Lakes Menu” el_class=”extra”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern”][vc_column]

\n

Our ongoing research is looking at the effects of natural climate conditions and hundreds of tourists entering Jellyfish Lake daily.<\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1495416459054{padding-top: 75px !important;padding-bottom: 75px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”15753″ img_size=”full” qode_css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1491176500169{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

RESEARCH IN THE LAKES<\/h3>\n

Our current marine lakes research program began in 1994 when CRRF started working in Palau and graduate students of Bill Hamner (UCLA), Drs. Laura Martin and Mike Dawson, were carrying out their PhD research here at the same time.\u00a0 Overall the program emphasizes the origins, ecology, and evolution of marine lakes, including how their species vary through time due to regional variation in the ocean and climate. This research became particularly important when the jellies in Jellyfish Lake disappeared in 1999 following a strong El Ni\u00f1o, and continues as we have documented extreme changes linked with the 2015-2016 El Ni\u00f1o and put these in the context of longer-term dynamics.<\/p>\n

At monthly intervals since 1999 the Coral Reef Research Foundation (CRRF) has been monitoring the physical characteristics of Jellyfish Lake, such as water temperature, salinity, and oxygen, and estimating the number and sizes of golden jellyfish, to understand how the physical conditions can affect changes in the jellyfish population. Tide gauges, temperature sensors and instruments that measure water movement have also been deployed in the lake to try to understand how the lake heats up and cools down. Because atmospheric conditions can also affect physical conditions of the lake, weather stations have been installed.\u00a0 With 9 years of funding from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (2006-2015), and the approval of the Koror State Government, CRRF installed a temporary weather station on the surface of the lake to compare the lake\u2019s weather with lagoon conditions recorded on nearby Ngeanges Island. These two stations<\/a>, complementing several run by other groups archipelago-wide, allow us to understand how climate influences regional weather patterns and how these influence the lake. This \u2018longitudinal\u2019 study of Jellyfish Lake is complemented by biotic surveys of Jellyfish Lake and other marine lakes in Palau that allow a glimpse of how lake communities differ from one another, and what physical characteristics contribute to these differences.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1495416528444{margin-bottom: 75px !important;}” el_id=”img-gallery” el_class=”h-gallery”][vc_column][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”16466,16467,16468″ img_size=”full” column_number=”3″ grayscale=”no” images_space=”gallery_without_space”][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”16628,16629,16630,16651″ img_size=”full” column_number=”4″ grayscale=”no” images_space=”gallery_without_space”][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”16471,16470,16469″ img_size=”full” column_number=”3″ grayscale=”no” images_space=”gallery_without_space”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1495416468380{padding-bottom: 75px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text]CRRF’s lake research is carried out by Gerda Ucharm, Kaylee Giramur and Sharon Patris, with 20 years of assistance of Emilio Basilius<\/a> (deceased), Mathew Mesubed and Lori Colin in collaboration with Dr Mike Dawson<\/a>\u00a0at University of California, Merced. The broad program looks at the ecology and evolution of marine lakes and their organisms, and how this relates to important issues such as invasive species and climate change. The overall marine lakes program is multifaceted with many collaborators working in Palau’s lakes, encompassing food web dynamics and nutrient cycling (Drs. Herwig Stibor<\/a>\u00a0and Philippe Pondaven)<\/a>, microbial diversity and community structure (Dr. Mike Beman<\/a>), and using lakes to reconstruct and understand the influences of 10,000 years of climate change (Dr. Julian Sachs<\/a>, Dr. Jessica Blois<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Together, we are all looking at the impacts of the 2015-2016 El Ni\u00f1o, the disappearance of the Mastigias<\/em> jellies in 2016, and their recovery, with the goal of determining indicators for future climate aberrations applicable to the lake’s management. As we have started to understand the factors influencing the physical and biological dynamics of Jellyfish Lake, this work has also enabled CRRF to record other important observations, such as the invasion by the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida<\/em> and its zooxanthella (Patris et al., 2019<\/a>), to respond to concerns about sunscreen pollution<\/a> (see report<\/a>), and to contribute to efforts to protect this unique natural heritage of Palau.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” el_id=”img-gallery” el_class=”h-gallery”][vc_column][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”16472,16473,16474,16475″ img_size=”full” column_number=”4″ grayscale=”no” images_space=”gallery_without_space”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” background_color=”#ffffff” css=”.vc_custom_1495416479484{padding-top: 75px !important;padding-bottom: 75px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”15753″ img_size=”full” qode_css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1491176500169{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

How many jellies are in the lake?<\/h3>\n

The graph shows the estimated population size of Mastigias papua etpisoni<\/em>\u00a0 in Jellyfish Lake from when they disappeared in 1999, through their disappearance in 2016 and into their present recovery. Our monthly measurements estimate the population size of the jellyfish. The same methods are used every month to maintain consistency. We use 0.5 m diameter weighted nets with a fine mesh, so that even the smallest ~1-2 mm jellyfish (ephyra) are caught. The bottom of the net is closed and dropped to 15 m (the depth of zero oxygen so we know the jellyfish are not found deeper) at 15 different, regularly-spaced stations in the lake. The top of the net opens by design as we pull it up, capturing all medusae in that column of water. All jellies caught in the net are emptied into a plastic bin. These jellyfish are counted, measured, and returned to the water, giving us the number and sizes of jellyfish caught in the area of our net at each of the 15 stations. This total is then extrapolated to the entire area of the lake, which from satellite photos measures 61,000 m\u00b2. We then repeat the collections at all 15 stations twice more, so that we have a total of three estimated values. The final reported population size is the average of the three measurements.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”17695″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” qode_css_animation=””][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” background_color=”#39a694″][vc_column][qode_elements_holder number_of_columns=”two_columns” switch_to_one_column=”1000″][qode_elements_holder_item item_padding=”20px 9% 30px 9%” advanced_animations=”no”][vc_single_image image=”15753″ img_size=”full” qode_css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1491176500169{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column_text el_class=”yellow-link-teal-bg”]<\/p>\n

Monitoring the marine lakes<\/span><\/h3>\n

Monthly monitoring in Jellyfish Lake includes using the nets to catch, count, measure and release all jellies that are caught.\u00a0 The physical parameters in the lake are just as important to quantify, as the jellyfish population is clearly affected by various parameters.\u00a0 We use a ‘water quality meter’ to measure temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll and light from the surface to the bottom of the lake.\u00a0 The instrument is lowered 1 m at a time, taking these measurements at the intervals.\u00a0 The pink bacterial layer at the interface of the oxygen vs. anoxic layers is sampled with a nansen bottle, used to collect water at a specific depth (e.g. 13 m).\u00a0 In addition, we collect zooplankton using a small fine-meshed net hauled vertically from below the chemocline to the surface.\u00a0 Water samples are collected for phytoplankton (micro algae) and nutrient analysis.\u00a0 All of these data show trends in the physical and biological properties of the lake, and most importantly, allow for correlations with the jellyfish population in order to tease out the factors influencing the size of the population.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/qode_elements_holder_item][qode_elements_holder_item item_padding=”0px 0px 0px 0px” advanced_animations=”no”][vc_gallery interval=”3″ images=”16480,16481,16482,16483,16484″ img_size=”full”][\/qode_elements_holder_item][\/qode_elements_holder][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” background_color=”#ffffff” css=”.vc_custom_1495416489451{padding-top: 75px !important;padding-bottom: 75px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”15753″ img_size=”full” qode_css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1491176500169{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Jellyfish Lake weather station<\/h3>\n

The weather station moored in Jellyfish Lake measures air temperature and relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, total solar radiation (visible and non-visible light including heat), photosynthetically active radiation (light that plants need to grow), and the net radiant energy that stays in the lake (and is not reflected back off the water\u2019s surface). These data are used to help understand how different weather parameters affect the lake as it heats up and cools down.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”16634″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” qode_css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1494212662528{padding-top: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;}”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1495416495965{padding-top: 75px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1495155257311{padding-bottom: 50px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

GOING BELOW THE CHEMOCLINE<\/h3>\n

Every month we attach a Go Pro camera to our profiling instrument that measures the physical properties of the lake from the surface to the bottom.\u00a0 These horizontal and upward-looking views give a glimpse of what it looks like descending underwater.\u00a0 The pink bacterial plate above the anoxic layer looks red as the camera passes through.\u00a0 This layer blocks all light below, so it looks black, but if we had a light you would see crystal clear water!\u00a0 (check out the IMAX movie ‘The LIving Sea’, 1995)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern”][vc_column][qode_elements_holder number_of_columns=”two_columns”][qode_elements_holder_item advanced_animations=”no”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/C2wDZSnLNlo”][\/qode_elements_holder_item][qode_elements_holder_item advanced_animations=”no”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ssYQ0HgLWVY”][\/qode_elements_holder_item][\/qode_elements_holder][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” background_color=”#ffffff” css=”.vc_custom_1495155299420{padding-top: 100px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Marine Lakes Literature<\/h3>\n

Doug Faulkner was the first to publish commentary and his classic images from the Palau marine lakes in ‘This Living Reef’ in 1974. Bill Hamner and Ivan Hauri published the first scientific paper based on work in the lakes- about the Mastigias<\/em> jellyfish migration, in 1981. Since then numerous popular and scientific articles have been published in a wide variety of magazines and journals. We present here a fairly comprehensive, though not exhaustive, list of publications on Palau’s marine lakes.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=”expandable” text_align=”left” background_color=”#ffffff” more_button_label=”Read More” less_button_label=”Close this section” expandable_content_top_padding=”0″ css=”.vc_custom_1495416725544{padding-bottom: 75px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column][vc_row_inner row_type=”row” type=”grid” text_align=”left” background_color=”#ffffff” css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1495416708443{margin-bottom: 100px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]Abromeit, L and C. Gerigk.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Der Schwarm von Palau.\u00a0 GEO (5 May 2009): 24-52.<\/p>\n

Bates, A.L., E,C. Spiker, and W.H. Orem.\u00a0 1993.\u00a0 Speciation and isotopic composition of sulfur in sediments from Jellyfish Lake, Palau.\u00a0 Chem. Geol. 106:63-76.<\/p>\n

Bergquist, P.R. and M. Kelly.\u00a0 2004.\u00a0 Taxonomy of some Halisarcida and Homoscleromorphida (Porifera:Demospongiae) from the Indo-Pacific.\u00a0 N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 38:51-66.<\/p>\n

Burnett, W.C., W.M. Landing, Lyons, W.B., and W. Orem.\u00a0 1989.\u00a0 Jellyfish Lake, Palau: A model anoxic environment for geochemical studies.\u00a0 Eos. 15 Aug. 1989: 777-783.<\/p>\n

Cimino, M.A., Patris, S., Ucharm, G., Bell, L.J. and Terrill, E., 2018. Jellyfish distribution and abundance in relation to the physical habitat of Jellyfish Lake, Palau.\u00a0Journal of Tropical Ecology<\/em>,\u00a034<\/em>(1), pp.17-31.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N. 2000.\u00a0 Variegated mesocosms as alternativies to shore-based planktonkreisels: notes on the husbandry of jellyfish from marine lakes.\u00a0 J Plankton Res. 22(9):1673-1682.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish Aurelia<\/em> (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa).\u00a0 Mar. Bio. 143:369-379.\u00a0 Erratum Mar. Bio. 144:203.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N\u00a0 2005a.\u00a0 Morphological variation and systematics in the Scyphozoa: Mastigias<\/em> (Rhizostomeae, Mastigiidae) \u2013 a golden unstandard?\u00a0 Hydrobiologia 537:185-206.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N\u00a0 2005b.\u00a0 Five new subspecies of Mastigias<\/em> (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Mastigiidae) from marine lakes, Palau, Micronesia.\u00a0 J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K.\u00a0 85:679-694.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N 2006.\u00a0 Island Evolution in Marine Lakes.\u00a0 JMBA Global Marine Environment 3:26-29.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N 2016. Islands and island-like marine environments. Global Ecology & Biogeography 25:831\u2013846. doi: 10.1111\/geb.12314.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N, A.C. Algar, L.R. Heaney, & Y.E. Stuart. 2016. The evolutionary biogeography of islands, lakes, and mountaintops<\/em>. <\/strong>Pp. 203\u2013210 in <\/em>The Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology v.I (R.M. Kliman, ed). Academic Press, Oxford.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N. and W.M. Hamner.\u00a0 2003.\u00a0 Geographic variation and behavioral evolution in marine plankton: the case of Mastigias<\/em> (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae).\u00a0 143:1161-1173.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N and W.M. Hamner.\u00a0 2005. \u00a0Rapid evolutionary radiation of marine zooplankton in peripheral environments.\u00a0 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\u00a0 102:9235-9240.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N. and D.K. Jacobs.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Molecular evidence for cryptic species of Aurelia aurita<\/em> (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa).\u00a0 Biol. Bull. 200:92-96.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N. and L.E. Martin.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Geographic variation and ecological adaptation in Aurelia<\/em> (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae): some implications from molecular phylogenetics.\u00a0 Hydrobiologia 451:259-273.<\/p>\n

Dawson, M.N., L.E. Martin and L.K. Penland.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Hydrobiologia 451:131-144.<\/p>\n

Dierssen, H., W. Balzer and W.M. Landing. 2001.\u00a0 Simplified synthesis of an 8-hydroxyquinoline chelating resin and a study of trace metal profiles from Jellyfish Lake, Palau.\u00a0 Mar. Chem. 73:173-192.<\/p>\n

Fabricius, K.E., J.C. Mieog, P.L. Colin, D. Idip and M.J.H. Van Oppen.\u00a0 2004.\u00a0 Identity and diversity of coral endosymbionts (zooxanthellae) from three Palauan reefs with contrasting bleaching, temperature and shading histories.\u00a0 Mol. Ecol. 13:2445-2458.<\/p>\n

Faulkner, Douglas.\u00a0 1974.\u00a0 This Living Reef. Quadrangle\/The New York Times Book Co., New York. 183pp.<\/p>\n

Fautin, D.G. and W.K. Fitt.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 A jellyfish-eating sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) from Palau: Entacmaea medusivora<\/em> sp. nov.\u00a0 Hydrobiologia 216\/217:453-461.<\/p>\n

Ghiselin, M.T. and J.H. Lipps.\u00a0 2019.\u00a0 The sea slug Phanerophthalmus luteus <\/em>(Gastropoda: Opistobranchia) and its habitat and ecology at the marine Jellyfish Lake (Ongeim’l Tketau), Palau, western Pacific ocean. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 64(8):181-194.<\/p>\n

Gotoh, R.O., H. Sekimoto, S.N. Chiba and N. Hanzawa.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Peripatric differentiation among adjacent marine lake and lagoon populations of a coastal fish, Sphaeramia orbicularis<\/em> (Apogonidae, Perciformes, Teleostei).\u00a0 Genes Genet. Syst. 84:287-295.<\/p>\n

Hamner, W.M.\u00a0 1982.\u00a0 Strange world of Palau\u2019s salt lakes.\u00a0 Nat. Geogr. 161(2):264-282.<\/p>\n

Hamner, W.M., R.W. Gilmer and P.P. Hamner. 1982.\u00a0 The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a stratified, saline, sulfide lake in Palau.\u00a0 Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(5):896-909.<\/p>\n

Hamner, W.M. and P.P. Hamner. 1998.\u00a0 Stratified marine lakes of Palau (Western Caroline Islands).\u00a0 Physical Geogr. 19(3):175-220.<\/p>\n

Hamner, W.M. and I.R. Hauri. 1981.\u00a0 Long-distance horizontal migrations of zooplankton (Scyphomedusae: Mastigias<\/em>). Limnol. Oceanogr. 26(3):414-423.<\/p>\n

Hanzawa, N., R.O. Gotoh, H. Sekimoto, T.V. Goto, S.N. Chiba, K. Kuriiwa and H.B. Tamate.\u00a0 2012.\u00a0 Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Marine Animals Isolated in Marine Lakes<\/em>. Pp. 121-150 in<\/em> Analysis of Genetic Variation in Animals (M. Caliskan, ed.) InTech, www.intechopen.com.<\/p>\n

Katija, K. and J.O. Dabiri. 2009.\u00a0 A viscosity-enhanced mechanism for biogenic ocean mixing.\u00a0 Nature 460:624-626.<\/p>\n

Kawagata, S., M. Yamasaki and R.W. Jordan.\u00a0 2005a.\u00a0 Acarotrochus lobulatus<\/em>, a new genus and species of shallow-water benthic foraminifera from Mecherchar Jellyfish Lake, Palau, NW equatorial Pacific ocean.\u00a0 J. Foram. Res. 35(1):44-49.<\/p>\n

Kawagata, S., M. Yamasaki, R. Genka and R.W. Jordan.\u00a0 2005b.\u00a0 Shallow-water benthic foraminifers from Mecherchar Jellyfish Lake (Ongerul Tketau Uet), Palau.\u00a0 Micronesica 37(2):215\u2013233.<\/p>\n

Kelly, M. and L.J. Bell.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Splendid Sponges of Palau with additional design by Blayne Herr.\u00a0 NIWA\/Coral Reef Research Foundation, 70 pp.<\/p>\n

Ladd, S.N. and J.P. Sachs. 2015.\u00a0 Influence of salinity on hydrogen isotope fractionation in Rhizophora<\/em> mangroves from Micronesia.\u201d Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\u00a0168, 206-221,\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0DOI:10.1016\/j.gca.2015.07.004<\/a><\/p>\n

Ladd, S.N. and J.P. Sachs. 2017. 2H\/1H fractionation in lipids of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza <\/em>increases with salinity in the marine lakes of Palau. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. doi:10.1016\/j.gca.2017.01.046<\/p>\n

Landing, W.M., W.C. Burnett, B. Lyons, and W.H. Orem,\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Nutrient cycling and the biogeochemistry of manganese, iron, and zinc in Jellyfish Lake, Palau.\u00a0 Limnol. Oceanogr. 36(3):515-525.<\/p>\n

Lipps, J.H. and M.R. Langer.\u00a0 1999.\u00a0 Benthic foraminifera from the meromictic Mecherchar Jellyfish Lake, Palau (western Pacific).\u00a0 Micropaleontology 45(3):278-284.<\/p>\n

Lobban, C.S. and M. Schefter.\u00a0 1997.\u00a0 Tropical Pacific Island Environments.\u00a0 University of Guam Press, Mangilao, Guam.\u00a0 399pp.<\/p>\n

Lobban, C.S., M. Schefter, F. Camacho and J. Jocson.\u00a0 2014.\u00a0 Tropical Pacific Island Environments. 2nd<\/sup> Ed.\u00a0 Bess Press, Honolulu. \u00a0530pp.<\/p>\n

Lyons, W.B., R.M. Lent, W.C. Burnett, P. Chin, W.M. Landing, W.H. Orem, and J.M. McArthur.\u00a0 1996.\u00a0 Jellyfish Lake, Palau: regeneration of C, N, Si, and P in anoxic marine sediments.\u00a0 Limnol. Oceanogr. 41(7): 1394-1403.<\/p>\n

Martin, L.E. 1999.\u00a0 Population Biology and Ecology Aurelia<\/em> sp.(Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae) in a Tropical Meromictic Marine Lake in Palau, Micronesia, PhD disssertation, UCLA, 250pp.<\/p>\n

Martin, L.E.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Limitations on the use of impermeable mesocosms for ecological experiments involving Aurelia<\/em> sp. (Scyphozoa: Seamaeostomeae).\u00a0 J. Plankton Res. 23:1-10.<\/p>\n

Martin, L.E., M.N Dawson, L.J. Bell and P.L. Colin.\u00a0 2005.\u00a0 Marine lake ecosystem dynamics illustrate ENSO variation in the tropical western Pacific.\u00a0 Biol. Lett. doi:10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0382.<\/p>\n

McCloskey, L. Muscatine and F.P. Wilkerson.\u00a0 1994.\u00a0 Daily photosynthesis, respiration and carbon budgets in a tropical marine jellyfish (Mastigias<\/em> sp.) Mar. Bio. 119:13-22.<\/p>\n

McGee, T.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Palau Rainfall Changes over the Last 9,000 Years.\u00a0 MSc Thesis, Univ of Washington, School of Oceanography,\u00a0 pp. 33.<\/p>\n

Meyerhof, M.S., K.M. Henry, J.M. Wilson, M.N Dawson & J.M. Beman. 2016. Microbial community diversity, structure, diversity, and assembly across oxygen gradients in meromictic marine lakes, Palau. Environmental Microbiology \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>doi: 10.1111\/1462-2920.13416<\/p>\n

Monniot, F. and C. Monniot. 1996.\u00a0 New collections of ascidians from the eastern Pacific and southeastern Asia.\u00a0 Micronesica 9(2): 133-279.<\/p>\n

Monniot, F. and C. Monniot.\u00a0 2001.\u00a0 Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific.\u00a0 Zoosystema 23(2):201-383.<\/p>\n

Monniot, F. and C. Monniot.\u00a0 2008.\u00a0 Complements sur la diversite des ascidies (Ascidiaces, Tunicata) de l\u2019ouest Pacifique tropical.\u00a0 Zoosystema 30(4):799-872.<\/p>\n

Muscatine, L. and R.E. Marian.\u00a0 1982.\u00a0 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen flux in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic medusae.\u00a0 Limnol. Oceanogr. 27(5):910-917.<\/p>\n

Muscatine, L., F.P. Wilkerson and I.R. McCloskey.\u00a0 1986.\u00a0 Regulaton of population density of symbiotic algae in a tropical marine jellyfish (Mastigias<\/em> sp.).\u00a0 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32:279-290.<\/p>\n

Meyerhof, M.S., Wilson, J.M., Dawson, M.N. and Michael Beman, J., 2016. Microbial community diversity, structure and assembly across oxygen gradients in meromictic marine lakes, Palau.\u00a0Environmental microbiology<\/em>,\u00a018<\/em>(12), pp.4907-4919.<\/p>\n

Orem, W.H., W.C. Burnett, W.M. Landing, W.B. Lyons, and W. Showers.\u00a0 1991.\u00a0 Jellyfish Lake, Palau: Early diagenisis of organic matter in sediments of an anoxic marine lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36(3): 526-543.<\/p>\n

Patris, S. 2015. The expansion and impact on native species of a sea anemone introduced into a tropical marine lake (Jellyfish Lake, Palau). MSc Thesis, Univ. Calif. Merced, Quantitative and Systems Biology, pp. 1-23.<\/p>\n

Patris, S.W., L.E. Martin, L.J. Bell & M.N Dawson. 2019. Expansion of an introduced sea anemone population, and its associations with native species in a tropical marine lake (Jellyfish Lake, Palau). Frontiers of Biogeog. DOI:10.21425\/F5FBG41048.<\/p>\n

Patris, S, M.N Dawson, L.J. Bell, L.E. Martin and P.L. Colin.\u00a0 2010.\u00a0 Jellyfish Lake (Ongeim\u2019l Tketau).<\/em>\u00a0 Coral Reef Research Foundation.\u00a0 14 pp.<\/p>\n

Patris, S.W., M.N Dawson, L.J. Bell, L.E. Martin, P.L. Colin, & G. Ucharm, with additional design & images by M. Etpison, 2012. Ongeim\u2019l Tketau. Coral Reef Research Foundation\/Etpison Museum, 44 pp.<\/p>\n

Richey, J.N. & J.P. Sachs.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 Precipitation changes over the western tropical Pacific over the past millennium. Geology 44:617\u2013674. doi:10.1130\/G37822.1.<\/p>\n

Rocha de Souza, M. and M.N Dawson. 2018.\u00a0 Redescription of Mastigias papua<\/em> (Scyphozoa, Rhizosotomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species.\u00a0 Zootaxa. 4457 (4): 520\u2013536.<\/p>\n

Sachs, J.P., D. Sachse, R.H. Smittenberg, Z. Zhang, D.S. Battisti and S. Golubic.\u00a0 2009.\u00a0 Southward movement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone AD 1400-1850.\u00a0 Nature Geoscience 2:519-525.<\/p>\n

Saitoh, S., H. Suzuki, N. Hanazawa and H. Tamate.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Species diversity and community structure of pelagic copepods in the marine lakes of Palau.\u00a0 Hydrobiologia\u00a0 666:85-97.<\/p>\n

Smittenberg, R.H., C. Saenger, M.N Dawson and J.P. Sachs.\u00a0 2011.\u00a0 Compound-specific D\/H ratios of the marine lakes of Palau as proxies for West Pacific Warm Pool hydrologic variability.\u00a0 Quaternary Sci. Reviews 30:921-933.<\/p>\n

Swift, H.F.\u00a0 2016.\u00a0 The ecological and evolutionary effects of environmental perturbations on populations and communities. PhD Thesis, Univ. Calif. Merced, Quantitative and Systems Biology, pp. 1-142.<\/p>\n

Swift, H.F., L.E. G\u00f3mez Daglio, & M.N Dawson. 2016. Three routes to crypsis: stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias <\/em>species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99:103\u2013115. doi:10.1016\/j.ympev.2016.02.013<\/p>\n

Turner, P.S. 2006.\u00a0 Darwin\u2019s Jellyfishes.\u00a0 National Wildlife 44(5):32R-32X.<\/p>\n

Wilson, J.M. 2017.\u00a0 Controls on Marine Community Respiration.\u00a0 PhD Thesis, Univ. Calif. Merced, Environmental Systems, pp. 1-110.<\/p>\n

Wilson, J., S. Abboud and J.M. Beman.\u00a0 2017.\u00a0 Primary Production, Community Respiration, and Net Community Production along Oxygen and Nutrient Gradients: Environmental Controls and Biogeochemical Feedbacks within and across \u201cMarine Lakes,\u201d Front. Mar. Sci., doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2017.00012.<\/p>\n

Venkateswaran, K., A. Shimada, A Maruyama, T. Higashihara and T. Maruyama.\u00a0 1993.\u00a0 Microbial characteristics of Palau Jellyfish Lake.\u00a0 Can. J. Microbiol. 39:5506-512.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”yes” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” background_color=”#ffffff”][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”16489″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” qode_css_animation=””][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”center” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1491340572097{padding-top: 50px !important;background-color: #e2d62d !important;}”][vc_column][vc_widget_sidebar sidebar_id=”Marine Lakes Menu” el_class=”extra”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”full_width” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern”][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=”” row_type=”row” use_row_as_full_screen_section=”no” type=”grid” angled_section=”no” text_align=”left” background_image_as_pattern=”without_pattern” css=”.vc_custom_1495416459054{padding-top: 75px !important;padding-bottom: 75px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”15753″ img_size=”full” qode_css_animation=”” css=”.vc_custom_1491176500169{margin-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column_text] RESEARCH IN THE…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15641,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full_width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15650"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15650"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18237,"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15650\/revisions\/18237"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15641"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/coralreefpalau.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}